Authors: Paul Held Ph. D., Senior Scientist, Applications Dept.,
BioTek Instruments, Inc.; Janet Hurley Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
University of Vermont School of Medicine
It's Fast, It's Easy, and It Turns
Blue
Quantitation of total protein
content of samples is a measurement common to many applications in basic
science and clinical research. Here we describe the use of BioTek Instruments
ELx808 microplate reader to perform the Lowry method for total protein
determination.
Introduction
Quantitation of total protein
content is a measurement common to many applications in basic science research
and routine clinical laboratory practice. Most biochemical studies that involve
the measurement of a biological activity require the normalization of that
activity to the protein content. The specific activity of a particular
enzymatic activity is of particular importance when proteins are being purified
or different samples are being compared. The most utilized methods to assay
total protein rely on the reduction of copper in the presence of a chromogenic
reagent (1, 2). Regardless of the method of protein determination, laboratories
requiring high throughput have often adapted the described protocol to a
96-well format.
Materials
and Methods
The assay performed in microplates
is essentially a micro Lowry assay (1) that has been adapted to microplates.
The reagents can be purchased in a kit (Catalogue No. 690-A: Sigma Chemical,
St. Louis MO) or obtained as individual components from the same vendor.
A standard curve was prepared as
follows. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) powder was dissolved in distilled water and
diluted to a concentration of 1 µg/ml. A series of dilutions (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10,
and 20 µg/well) were made in replicates of 4 with a final volume of 100 µl.
Samples were diluted such that they would fall within the BSA standard range
(0-25 µg / 100 µl) and 100 µl placed in each well. After standards and samples
were diluted and transferred to the microplate, 200 ul of biuret reagent was
added to each well and mixed thoroughly with repeated pipeting. Biuret reagent
was prepared by mixing 0.5 ml of 1% cupric sulfate with 0.5 ml of 2% sodium
potassium tartrate, followed by the addition of 50 ml of 2% sodium carbonate in
0.1 N NaOH. The mixture was then allowed to incubate at room temperature for
10-15 minutes prior to the addition of 20 µl per well of 1.0 N Folin &
Ciocalteu's reagent. Samples were mixed immediately with repeated pipeting with
each addition. Color was allowed to develop for 30 minutes at room temperature
and the absorbance measured at 650 nm and blanked on the water only control.
Although in these experiments the plates were read immediately, the reaction
was found to be stable for up to an hour.
All absorbance determinations were
made using an ELx808 Microplate Reader (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT) with the reader
controlled by an external PC running KC3 data reduction software (BioTek
Instruments, Winooski, VT). Regression analysis and statistics of the curve
were performed using KC3.
Results
The absorbance of the Lowry reaction
was determined for BSA protein concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 20 µg per
well. Over this range the absorbance increased in a hyperbolic fashion. Using
KC3 data reduction software (BioTek Instruments), a polynomial non linear
equation describing the standard curve can be generated .
Figure 1. Linearity of the assay. Concentration curve from 0 to 20 µg/well of BSA with
polynomial regression analysis. Image depicts the screen output from KC3 of a
typical standard curve of a Lowry protein assay. Note that the equation
describing the regression curve is provided along with statistics concerning
the curve.
Although the curve begins to plateau
at a protein concentrations of 10 µg/well, determinations can be made with a
high level of confidence (r2 = 0.99). Determinations in the lower
portion of the curve offer the greatest degree of accuracy with a polynomial
fit due to the greater change in signal verses change in protein concentration.
As demonstrated in Figure 2, if only low concentrations of protein are assayed
(i.e. below 10 µg/well) then a calibration curve determined using linear
regression analysis rather than a polynomial analysis can be used with
confidence (r2 = 0.99). Routine dilution of each sample would be
expected to provide determinations at an appropriate concentration.
The flattening of the absorbance
curve observed above the 10 µg level and subsequent loss of the linear increase
in absorbance for higher protein concentrations is most likely the result of
reagents no longer being in total excess in relation to the oxidizable amino
acids necessary for the colorimetric reaction to take place. With high protein
levels, reacted chromogenic material was found to precipitate out of solution.
Calibration curve. Concentration curve from 0 to 10 mg/well of BSA with linear
regression analysis. Using the data depicted in Figure 1 a linear regression
analysis was performed using the 0-10 µg/well standards. Image depicts the
screen output from KC3 of a typical standard curve of a Lowry protein assay.
Note that the equation describing the regression curve is provided along with
statistics concerning the curve.
Discussion
The ability to easily and reliably
quantitate total protein content in samples is paramount to many biological
assays. Although the Lowry protein assay was first published in 1951, several
improvements, not the least of which is the reduction in assay volume, have
increased sensitivity of the assay. Recently fluorescent protein assays have
been developed with improved sensitivity (3), but the cost per assay can make
them unacceptable for large numbers of samples.
Although the Lowry total protein
assay has withstood the test of time, there are several features of the assay
that have to be kept in mind. Because these methods rely on the presence of
readily oxidizable amino acids such as tyrosine, cysteine, and tryptophan there
is a variation in response from proteins with differing amino acid content.
Therefore it is advisable that the protein used for generating the standard
curve be consistent from experiment to experiment. Likewise, an overabundance
of the amino acids in relation to the assay reagents, as would occur with high
protein level, will result in a loss of linearity of the assay. In extreme
cases this will lead to a precipitation of the chromogens and loss of color
prematurely. Likewise, the assay color is only stable for approximately one
hour, after which a similar phenomenon occurs in samples with normal
concentrations.
The use of KC3 software to control
the reader allows the user a great deal of flexibility in regards to data
reduction capabilities. The software allows the user to define any
configuration of plate map necessary. With several different curve fit algorithms
to choose from, regression analysis of the standards and the subsequent
concentration determinations of samples can be accomplished with a high degree
of confidence. Likewise, the software is capable of performing statistical
analysis on sample groups, as well as any mathematical calculation required by
the user.
Like most assays that are read in
microplates, the ability to read all of the samples simultaneously greatly
reduces the manual labor required to obtain the data. The microplate format
also lends itself to 'off the shelf' automation for laboratories with high
volume requirements. The smaller reaction volumes in microplates will lead to
lower per assay costs by reducing the amount of expensive reagents necessary to
perform the assay.
References
1. Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough,
A.L. Farr, and R.J. Randall (1951) Protein Measurement with the Folin Phenol
Reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275
2. Smith, P.K., et al. (1985)
Measurement of Protein Using Bicinchoninic Acid. Anal. Biochem. 150:76-85.
3. NanoOrange Protein Quantitation Kit
Instructions Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene Oregon